Questions:

1. What are the benefits of the following languages:
1. Data Oriented Language

Answer:

Data oriented programming is simply a programming language with database, you can create tables and queries, and program to manipulate the stored data on it, example of data oriented language are SQL, DBase and Visual Foxpro.

The benefits of data oriented language are languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets.

2. Object Oriented Language

Answer:

Object-oriented languages help to manage complexity in large programs. Objects package data and the operations on them so that only the operations are publicly accessible and internal details of the data structures are hidden. This information hiding made large-scale programming easier by allowing a programmer to think about each part of the program in isolation

The benefits of object oriented language are object inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Simulation.

3. Event-driven Language

Answer:

Event-driven programming or event-based programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events. For example sensor outputs or user actions  such as mouse clicks or key presses or messages from other programs or threads. Event driven programming is greatly beneficial because of how user friendly it makes computer applications. It means that almost everyone can operate these systems without the need for expert knowledge on computer programming code such as SQL and Visual Basic.

4. Logical Language

Answer:

Abductive Logic Programming is an extension of normal Logic Programming that allows some predicates, declared as adducible predicates, to be incompletely defined. Problem solving is achieved by deriving hypotheses expressed in terms of the adducible predicates as solutions of problems to be solved. Because mathematical logic has a long tradition of distinguishing between object language and meta   language, logic programming also allows meta   level programming. Constraint logic programming is an extension of normal Logic Programming that allows some predicates, declared as constraint predicates, to occur as literals in the body of clauses. Concurrent constraint logic programming combines concurrent logic programming and constraint logic programming, using constraints to control concurrency. Basing logic programming within linear logic has resulted in the design of logic programming languages that are considerably more expressive than those based on classical logic.

2. Give at least three programming language used for the following paradigms:
1. Procedural Programming

                        Answer:

                        A list of instructions telling a computer, step-by-step, what to do,                                        usually having a linear order of execution from the first statement                                        to the second and so forth with occasional loops and branches. Procedural                             programming languages include C, C++, Fortran, Pascal, and BASIC.

2. Functional Programming

           

                        Answer:

                        functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats                                            computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state                           and mutable data. The prominent                         functional programming                                  languages such as Common Lisp,                                                                                           Scheme, ISLISP, Clojure, Racket, Erlang, OCaml, Haskell, Scala and F#.                         

3. Object Oriented Programming

      Answer:

      Some of the most commercially important object-oriented    languages are   Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) and C#, both   designed for    Microsoft's      .NET platform, and Java, developed by Sun       Microsystems.

4. Logic Programming

     

      Answer:

      Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language       associated        with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.      Datalog is a     truly declarative logic programming language that       syntactically is a          subset of Prolog. It is often used as a query language for      deductive       databases : it has a cleaner syntax and is more expressive than          SQL.

3. Give at least five reasons of using the following paradigms:
1. Procedural Programming

Answer:

Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, methods, or functions (not to be confused with mathematical functions, but similar to those used in functional programming), simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program's execution, including by other procedures or itself. A list of instructions telling a computer, step-by-step, what to do, usually having a linear order of execution from the first statement to the second and so forth with occasional loops and branches.

2. Functional Programming

                       

                        Answer:

                        Functional programming has long been popular in academia, but with few                          industrial applications. However, recently several prominent functional                                   programming               languages have been used in commercial or                                            industrial systems. For example, the Erlang programming language, which                      was developed by the Swedish company Ericsson in the late 1980s, was                             originally used to implement fault-tolerant telecommunications systems. It              has since become popular for building a range of applications at                                                companies such as T-Mobile, Nortel, Facebook and EDF

3. Object Oriented Programming

     

      Answer:

      In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages,          processing       data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as             an independent "machine" with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "methods") on these objects are closely associated with the       object. For example, OOP data structures tend to "carry their own   operators around with them" (or at least "inherit" them from a similar         object or class) - except when they have to be serialized. object-oriented     programming has become especially popular in dynamic programming         languages. Python, Ruby and Groovy are dynamic languages built on OOP             principles, while Perl and PHP have been adding object oriented features    since Perl 5 and PHP 4, and ColdFusion since version 5. Objects are key         to understanding object-oriented technology. Look around right          now and you'll find many examples of real-world objects: your dog, your desk, your television set, your bicycle.

4. Logic Programming

      Answer:

Logic languages, as their name suggests, rely on logic to provide the framework for their meaning. Logic itself was invented as an aid to human thought, allowing knowledge to be set out and reasoned about. It would therefore seem natural to attempt to use it in programming computers. In practice, first order predicate calculus is used, or at least a subset of it. It is not necessary to understand predicate calculus before learning a logic programming language. Indeed, this course takes the view that it is better to learn Prolog, a practical example of a logic programming language, before learning about the underpinning of theory.

                        Logic programming has many application areas:

·         Relational Data Bases

·         Natural Language Interfaces

·         Expert Systems

·         Symbolic Equation solving

·         Planning

·         Prototyping

·         Simulation

·         Programming Language Implementation

     

Questions:

1. What are the different types of language paradigms? Explain each.

           

            Answer:

                        There are four main paradigms: object-oriented, imperative, functional and logic programming.

a)      Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that have data fields (attributes that describe the   object) and associated procedures known as methods. Objects, which are          instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications      and computer programs.

b)      Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that describes          computation in terms of statements that change a program state. In much the same    way that imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take          action, imperative programs define sequences of commands for the computer to           perform.

c)      Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation       as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It      emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative          programming style, which emphasizes changes in state.

d)     Logic programming is one of the 4 main programming paradigms. Its theory        of computation is based on first order logic. Programming languages such as   Prolog and Data log implement it.

           

2. What are the different features of programming language? Explain each.

      Answer:

The different features of programming language are comments, statement and expression, Flow control, Explicit loops, Implied loops, Conditionals, Subprograms, Functions and subroutines, Global variables, Bit Functions, Exception Controls, Interface Prototype, Character and strings, User Defined Data types, Overloading Operators, User-defined Operators, Pointers and Targets, Pointer Type Declaration, Pointer Assignment, Using Pointers in Expressions, Pointers and Linked Lists, Accessing External Source Files and Functions, Procedural Applications, Fitting Curves to Data, Sorting.

Every programming language has core features. These features have evolved over a period, depending on the purpose the languages were created for and the market they targeted. All programming languages have common core set of common features. Implementation of these core set of features varies from language to language. The history of the language will give us an idea of the market the languages were intended for.

Here is a list of the common features:

·         A place for storing data. Arrays are advanced storing data facility. Also known as data structures.

·         Rules for writing programs in that programming language

·         Control statements – which are building blocks for logic implementation. (e.g. Repetition control, conditional statements)

·         Most programming languages of today support OOP. These are some of the features of OOP- Class declaration, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, overloading and constructors are included.

·         Every language has operators. Such as Mathematical operators and logic operators.

·         All languages include facility to write programs, functions and procedures.

·         Functions return values after execution, whereas procedures simply execute programs.

·         All programs include facility to write libraries. Libraries are themselves programs, which can be used in other programs.

·         All languages support exception handling. This feature is helpful to identify errors and generate appropriate messages.

·         All languages include built in functionalities, provided as classes and functions. These classes help to write better programs.

·         All languages include a compiler and memory handling features. These are implemented in different ways by the person (s) who have developed the language.

3. What are the different criteria to be considered in choosing a programming language?

      Explain each?

            Answer:

In choosing a programming language to be used in development, a software developer must make several of decisions. Sometimes it’s about which language is best for a job. That is actually one of the most critical pieces of getting a project right. Too often, languages are applied to a problem space where another language would be better. I would say there is no definite one programming language that can be use, that depends on where to use the programming language. For example,

The financial sector benefits from a number of languages. One of the key features for calculations is functional programming characteristics. When processing math based on financial calculations, functional paradigms often provide substantive performance benefits. Another key need in the financial sector is languages that benefit from object-oriented paradigms with strong architectural patterns backed by a lot of guidance from the organizations around the languages. That's why a lot of financial institutions have the majority of their applications written in the Java and C# languages. These languages provide maintainable options that a lot of other languages can't do as well. On Scientific Research and academia require languages that support highly accurate mathematics, extremely fast execution, and a focus around the implementation of the language versus any specific organizational characteristics like object orientation. Because of these needs, the academic and scientific communities often use C/C++ for mathematical calculations, C++ for heavy processing, and even Python to accomplish their tasks. Since most of the tasks are much more focused around single outcomes, these languages are an easy choice in most of these environments.

4. Compare and contrast primitive data types and structured data types.

Answer:

A data type tends to mean a primitive data type. Primitive data are built-in data types, such as integers, characters and Booleans. They are basic constructs of the language that is, they are built into the language. Primitive data also tends to be of a strict data type, meaning you can't treat characters like integers or Booleans like integers, etc., although some languages will support implicit casting of primitive data types  Abstract data types are generally constructed by the user or by a higher level language. For example, you might create a currency data type, which generally acts like a float but always has a precision of 2 decimal places and implements special rules about how to round off fractions of a cent. Abstract data types also often contain the ability to either be treated as a specific type of primitive data in certain circumstances (for example, many languages allow you to treat strings as character arrays); or contain certain rules / methods to manipulate their data (such as a programming language allowing you to cast a float as an integer).

A data structure is a gathering together of many different data types. For example, objects and arrays are data structures. Data structures usually can contain information of many different types (such as strings, integers, Booleans) at the same time, and in more complex structures -- namely, classes -- can contain specific methods, properties and events to manipulate that data, change its type.

5. Compare and contrast imperative and declarative languages.

      Answer:    

Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state. In much the same way that imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs define sequences of commands for the computer to perform. Procedural programming is imperative programming in which the program is built from one or more procedures (also known as subroutines or functions). The terms are often used as synonyms, but the use of procedures has a dramatic effect on how imperative programs appear and how they are constructed. Heavily procedural programming, in which state changes are localized to procedures or restricted to explicit arguments and returns from procedures, is known as structured programming. From the 1960s onwards, structured programming and modular programming in general have been promoted as techniques to improve the maintainability and overall quality of imperative programs. Object-oriented programming extends this approach.

Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. Many languages applying this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program should accomplish, rather than describing how to go about accomplishing it. This is in contrast with imperative programming, in which algorithms are implemented in terms of explicit steps. Declarative programming is often defined as any style of programming that is not imperative. A number of other common definitions exist that attempt to give the term a definition other than simply contrasting it with imperative programming

6. Give at least five examples for imperative languages and define its features.

               Answer:

All modern imperative languages can trace their origins back to three imperative languages: FORTRAN, ALGOL 60 and COBOL. Consequently these influential languages are often described as foundation languages.

FORTRAN The IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating system.

·         Designed circa 1955 (by, amongst others, Backus).

·         First successful attempt to improve on "assembly languages".

·         Still widely used for numerical applications.

·         Has been revised to take account of ideas on structured programming, however is decreasing in popularity.

ALGOL 60 ALGOrithmic Language 1960.

·         Developed in 1950s through a joint European-American committee.

·         First block structured language.

·         First language whose syntax was defined using BNF.

·         Direct ancestor of most modern imperative languages.

COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language.

·         Developed in 1950s through a committee consisting mainly of US computer manufacturers.

·         Designed to process large data files and is therefore the most extensively used language for data processing.

·         Since its initial introduction the language has remained broadly unchanged.

Feature of Imperative languages

They are usually "typed". Broadly we can identify two categories of imperative data type:

Basic data types.

Compound data types.

Components comprise:

Data declarations.

Expressions which yield values.

statements which carry out some operation, e.g. assignment statements, conditional statements, program constructs.

I/O and error handling mechanisms.

A method of grouping all of the above into a complete program - (program composition).

7. Give at least five examples for declarative languages and define its feature.

      Answer:

                  Declarative languages, also called nonprocedural or very high level, are programming languages                      in which (ideally) a program specifies what is to be done rather than how to do it. In such                                           languages there is less difference between the specification of a program and its implementation                             than in the procedural languages described so far. Common declarative languages include those                            of database query languages (e.g., SQL, XQuery),                      regular expressions, logic                                programming, and functional programming.

            Logic programming

                  Logic programming languages such as Prolog state and query relations. The specifics of how                           these queries are answered is up to the implementation and its theorem prover, but typically take                   the form of some sort of unification  

                   Domain-specific languages

            Some well-known examples of declarative domain-specific languages (DSLs) include the yacc             parser generator input language, the Make build specification language, Puppet's configuration             management language, regular expressions, and a subset of SQL (SELECT queries, for     example).

            Functional programming

            Functional programming, and in particular purely functional programming, attempts to minimize   or eliminate side effects, and is therefore considered declarative. Most functional languages, such     as Scheme, Clojure, OCaml, Standard ML, and Unlambda, however, do permit side effects in             practice.

.

Organizational Transformations

To change for the betterment of the company and for everyone in the company is a good thing to do. But sad to say not all of the changes and transformation of the company is for the benefit of everyone. It is always true that for a company to survive it needs to think first the current situation of the company. If the company wants to survive in this every changing economy it needs to changes its current operation. Slashing and removing transactions that seem not important to the current business flows resulting to firing and removing employees handling that dissolved transactions. I cannot blame companies doing this as the Managers struggle to maintain a competitive business with other industry unless a transformation is done. I can also understand those employees who are affected with this transformation as they face with a financial threat as this job of their own is the primary source of their daily funds for their family. Luckily for us is not everyday and not all of the company always do the transformation as it takes a lot of effort and time to do it. It needs for the company to redirect their attention and business goals to temporarily halt the take effect the changes they need. Company who are in a good or let say in good conditions do not risk in trying to transform their company as they did not really know how this will play out in the end. And for this reason, developing for the betterment of the company sometimes is hampered by this idea. We know the fact that employee will always reject propositions that threaten them because they are not sure of what will happen to them in the future. And for the Owners and managers, they cannot simply disregard there employee because they are the working or the front liners of the business. So it needs a mighty act of will by the Business owners and Managers to make the transformation possible.

I have seen a lot of Organizational Transformation here in the Philippines; PAL for example fired almost 70 percent of their employee due to financial problems. Well this is better than closing the company and rather saving 30 percent of the employees. I see also a company who reject to use automated system unreasonable, luckily for them the owner was not always on the site to attest to their reasons. The first Philippine Automated Election almost was not push through because of a lot political parties putting their interest first before the benefits of the Filipino people. Thanks to the strong will of a few making it a successful election. For as long as there is a business institution they will always challenges that will ultimately lead to Organizational Transformation.

The five competitive forces that shape strategy

Of all the topics in the Organizational Analysis this is what I love most. Simply because it can be easily understand and applied to almost all types of business and industries. It’s amazing how useful looking at the graph of this five forces on how will you formulate your strategy in gaining strategic advantage over your competitors/rivals. Let me say something about this first force: THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS- Here in our country today, our parents now a days are so conscious in spending every dime they earned. So, spending in terms of paying their student’s tuitions fee in school must be also a smart choice. Parents must see to it that they children are getting what they are paying. But most of the cases, parents are looking a much cheaper school but without compromising the quality of the education of their children. So in this case, those new schools or education centers offers much cheaper tuitions or much lighter mode of payment will surely have a big bite in the market shares. So in developing enrollment strategy we must incorporate to our plans how can we combat this type of treats in our organization?! One of the most concrete evidence how our management combat this type of threat is by offering a very low entrance fee for the students for them to enroll in their desired course without worrying the entrance fee anymore. Additionally, when I say new entrants it doesn’t always mean that there is a new competitor. Sometimes the business is long before exists but this is the first time that they are offering this new course. So, if this new course belongs to a prestigious school so normally those who can afford will go to that school. Second Forces: BARGAINING POWER OF THE BUYERS- well student has a strong implication/ effect to the education sector where there are the direct clients of organization. The suggestion or complaint of the student cannot be set aside or simply cannot be taken for granted. One example, student now a day are now so very particular with the bills that they are paying. If they see that they are paying this service and they are not getting the most of it then for sure a complaint will be brought to our attention and if not be taken carefully will lead to a bad reputation to our organization and I’m sure we don’t want that to happen. So it forces our management to deal with it. Another example of this is that Local politicians are offering a significant big amount of money for sponsoring educational scholars among the local population. Normally, politicians give their budget to the schools who offer much convenient ways for paying the bills of scholars so the management must come up with a strategy how to meet their needs of the client. Let’s go to the third forces: THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE OR SERVICES – Normally people always look at first the price before the quality right. Weighing between the two the price and quality. In our community we cannot deny that there are some students who can afford the expensive schools and those schools that are within their budget. So, surely among the total number of students who are going to school will be divided into two. Sometimes student wanted to study in your school but cannot afford it so they force to choice to their second choice. Saying that schools are all the same, it depends only to the student where it might be right. But are we just going to let this scenario always to happen? I mean is there a way to combat this threat? Maybe in the financial matter we can’t do anything but if we just encourage them or let them understand that every cent that they spent to our organization will be back to them a million times then it might change their minds. So much for that let’s go to the forth forces: BARGAINING POWER OF THE SUPPLIERS- it this case we are referring to the parents of our students. Well without the parents of our students we won’t also have our students right now. Dealing with parents is as important with dealing with our students. Parents always so to it that they children will be in good hands or the future of their student are in the right hands. Parents tend to see all the necessary documents and accreditation of the schools before enrolling their students to that particular school. So if this is the case, schools must possess recommended accreditation certifications such as PACUCOA or such as the PAASCU accreditations. There are still a marginal parent who sought after a quality education and for them to know is by looking for any recognition and awards achieve by schools. This is why almost every year, school head quarters always giving recognition luxurious trophies to their branches and displaying it their gallery where it can be seen. The last forces: RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS- for me instead looking at this in a negative way lets use this as a tool for us to develop our organization. Advertising is a good way to attract new enrollees but I guess to best way to prove it is by letting our student experience what we promise to deliver. If every school can find a unique need that they can set up to meet, if schools try to deliver something different from its rivals, multiple rivals can be successful. Instead of this destructing each other maybe it good to let them know what service you are trying to deliver and maybe they will choice a different one. I hope I share to you some my insights and thought about how can we make our respective organization become more successful. These five forces will always be around for as long the businesses exist.

Core Competencies of the Organization

Before I will begin giving my thoughts about the core competency of the organization let me say this simple quote first “every great building is built with a strong column foundation”. The reason why our proudest building can stands tall because of its strong column foundation that supported it. All the beauty it brings is all because of it. So, the structure of the building I think we can associate this to a business. Business leaders should built their business with a strong foundation in business we called it as our core competency. Business leaders should view their organizations as a portfolio of competencies as well as a portfolio of products and services. It is this portfolio of competencies that provides the competitive edge needed to be successful in the future. Core competencies are what make your organization unique. They are the skills your organization possesses that set it apart from its peers. They are the sources of competitive advantage. They are the building blocks to future opportunities. Finding and using your core competency is a crucial in developing your organization. The rise and fall of a business depends on finding and using it in your own advantage. We know developing of core competencies takes time and needs a continuous development. A competence is a bundle of skills rather than a discrete skill. It is this integration of skills that that define a core competence. Because a core competency is the sum of learning across individual skill sets and organizational units it is unlikely to reside in a single individual or small team. Understanding and developing core competencies is necessary to enable the organization to exploit the opportunities they provide.

Before we can use our core competency to our advantage lets find first what our core competencies are. Based on some quick googling let’s define first how we can classify if it is our core competency in our organization. Some said it must pass these three tests to be considered core competencies.

1. The competency must make a significant contribution to customer perceived value or to the financial health of the organization.

2. The competency must be unique or performed in a way that is substantially superior to its peers.

3. The competency must be capable of being applied to a range of new products and services.

As an employee belonging in the Education Sector I can say that one of the most important competencies that an educator should have, aside from of course knowing first what are the skills needed by the student is his/her expertise and experience in the field of study he/she is handling. The actual experiences in the industry you learned over time cannot be experience until you try it. Because simply you cannot teach what you don’t have. Second competency I think your ability to transfer your knowledge to the student. The instructions and teaching materials you can provide depends on your skills. To measure the affectivity of our teaching is through the learning’s gained by our student. Measuring how good they performed will also reflect to us. Third is the ability of the management side to strongly support and implement new ideas regarding upgrading the student/school Services they provide.

Normally most of the employees in our organization are not aware what are their core competency possess and sometimes might be not utilize and use properly to their advantages. So, identify and use the core competency of your organization you are in and use it to grow and expand your business opportunities because knowing these are an excellent source of ideas for new services and products. The core competencies that are the foundation of your current products and services can provide the basis for a myriad of new ideas, some of which might have earned-income potential. They represent what you’re really good at, what your clients value, and what your competition would likely have trouble imitating.

Employee Motivation

Motivating the employees in a company is a direct factor which can affect and increase the productivity of the company. Motivating the employees in the company is also a big task/responsibility in the management side since it talks about handling your employees. Motivation is the process of persuading members of the organization to perform in a productive manner. To understand easily how I can motivate others, I will determine what are the things that motivate me:

[I will give as much as possible reasons or things that motivate me at work.]

Things that motivate me to works are:

1. This is the most important for me, and I think this is also the case to others. –my compensation and benefits to work. Of course we are working to earn money so that we could pay our needs and responsibilities on our daily lives. Though there are some persons who don’t feel the same as I do about working and I admire them. [These are the person that we need in our world today.] The most evidence of this is that when so search a job on the net, you would always find the job title and the job description and lastly the estimated monthly salary income for that job. So Salary or compensation plays a big factor in motivating your employee. Or simply by raising their monthly income just a little bit gives them a sudden boost in their job performance. Of course not all company can afford to do this and it and it takes a lot of time to materialize this.

On the second thought, determining how to motivate others I find it very hard since satisfaction in work is defends on the person since we have different personality as we are all unique to each other so we have different needs and perception. But anyway...

2. If feel motivated to work if I feel that I’m given a place or importance or I feel that I can make a difference in the work place or I can make an effect in the over-all result of my task that I was given. When your employees achieve a particular target, make sure that you celebrate their achievements. This will provide great motivation to them. They would feel that their efforts are appreciated.
3. If feel also motivated if I know if I did something good or if I perform very good that I will receive a reward. Not that I’m expecting a cash reward or money but at least recognition will be fine and I think it’s not too much to ask... Isn’t it?!
4. The work that I love doing. These are the works that I feel light doing it and it makes me feel good doing it.
5. Doing the work that I have interest in learning it. The work that I will feel that I’m going to learn something new.

But in this times where there are a lot business and corporate layoffs, and the advent of outsourcing and steep disparities between executives' and frontline employees' salaries, it is no wonder rank-and-file workers increasingly question their loyalty to companies. Which means retaining and motivating employees is a challenge for the management.

But if we come to think of it, we are so fortunate that we have our respective job right now, that we have money to spend to support our daily needs. I mean; there are a lot of people in our country who doesn’t have a work/job right now or if there is... it’s not that compare to us. What I am trying to say that for having this job for me is a motivation already. Won’t you?! Think about that…

Organizational Change

Organization changed happens due to internal or external needs of the organization. Because of the changing conditions and the new needs of the customers the organization must evolved to keep up with the other competitors. Organizational change usually is speaking to the change of the culture, or even roles within an organization. This sometimes can also refer to restructuring as a result of bankruptcy.

Normally, organization change for the good and benefits of the organization but sad to say sometimes for the employees who are affected by changes may not be good for them. Due to change, some employee’s services might not be needed anymore so the change is not good for those affected employees. It needs a powerful force for a company to be change. It also needs a clear vision on where the new direction of the organization.

Most of the scenario where there is change is when the organization has a new management; normally there will be a lot of movement between positions and there are a lot of new people (work force) coming in the organization. This will lead sometime so disorientation since they try to cope up with each other or trying to follow the new culture that the new management is going to implement in the work place. The other scenario will be if the company is losing and it needs an abrupt decision or course of actions. Normally the solution is changing the business operations or replaces the people who will execute the business operations more efficiently. The third scenario will be, if the company sees a new opportunity to widen the business operations. In order to grab that opportunity, the company must adopt to it and therefore the organization much undergone a transition to meet the new demands of that opportunity.

Organizational change must be initiated by the higher management for the lower positions to follow it without or hesitation on their part. Since the confidence an trust of the employees are on them.

Where I worked before and now, I have seen a lot of change. Almost all of the change I seen is for the betterment of our Organization. And you know; not only the organization benefits from the changed but also a lot of employee are great full of it. It is normal that the employees are so hesitate what might the change might bring or there are doubts on the back of their mind. But as soon the transitions starts and they taste the sweetness it might bring to the employee and as well as to the company they will work hard to finish the transition.

"Change is hard because people overestimate the value of what they have—and underestimate the value of what they may gain by giving that up."

But for me, no doubt that the Organization must change to sees new opportunity and keep up the demand of this ever changing world and economy. Clients always needs something new.